The AMA (American Medical Association) Manual of Style provides guidelines for writing, editing and citing articles published in health sciences journals. It is written by JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association) editors and is used in articles published in AMA journals, as well as in many other scientific publications.
For in-text citations, AMA uses a superscript numbering system.
Examples:
This drug is used to treat hepatitis.1
Storing latex at high heat may cause degradation, 2,3-5,7 but it is difficult to keep materials cool in a desert environment.
Some physicians choose to store prescription pads in locked cabinets8; others keep them in their coats at all times.9
When more than two references are cited at a given place in the manuscript, use hyphens to join the first and last numbers of a closed series; use commas without space to separate other parts of multiple citations.
Example: As reported previously,1,4-7,19,24
The AMA recommends that you do not place a superscript reference citation immediately following a number, and advises that you revise the sentence to prevent any possible confusion with an exponent.
You may use authors' names in your text, as long as those mentioned are accompanied by numbered citations. Use last names only.
For items with one or two authors include both names.
Example: Smith and Jones2 reported on the questionnaire.
For items with three or more authors, include the first author's surname and then 'et al.' or 'and colleagues'.
Example: Hammersmith et al.3 reported on the survey.
Courtesy of University of Rochester River Campus Libraries. For more information see https://libguides.lib.rochester.edu/ama.
Rules
Print Books - General
Format: Author AA. Title of Book. Edition number. Location: Publisher; Year published.
Example: Herr J. Creative Resources for the Early Childhood Classroom. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth & Cengage Learning; 2013.
Print Books - Edited Book (chapters with different authors)
Format: Author AA. Chapter title. Editor, AA. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication: Page numbers.
Example: Yagyu S, Iehara T. MYCN nonamplified neuroblastoma: Detection of tumor-derived cell-free DNA in serum for predicting prognosis of neuroblastoma. In Hayat MA, ed. Pediatric Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis. Dordrecht, NY: Springer; 2013:11-17.
Print Books - part of a Monograph Series
Format: Author AA. Chapter title. Editor, AA. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication: Series name and part number.
Davidoff RA. Migraine: Manifestations, Pathogenesis, and Management. Philadelphia, Pa: FA Davis; 1995. Contemporary Neurology Series; No 42.
Rules
Online Book - General
Format: Author AA. Title of Book. Edition number. Location: Publisher; Year published. Access date and URL.
Example: Neinstein L, ed. Adolescent Health Care. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott W&W; 2008. Accessed November 9, 2011. http://www.r2library.com/marc_frame.aspx?ResourceID=931
Online Edited Book (chapters with different authors)
Format: Author AA. Chapter title. Editor, AA. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication: Page numbers. Access date & URL.
Example: Kohn LT. Creating safety systems in health care organizations. In: Kohn, LT, Corrigan, JM, and Donaldson MS, eds. To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System. Washington, DC: Committee on Quality of Health Care in America, Institute of Medicine; 2000. Accessed November 1, 2011. http://www.nap.edu/openbook.ptp?record_id=9728&page=155
Courtesy of University of Rochester River Campus Libraries. For more information see https://libguides.lib.rochester.edu/ama.
Rules
The title of the journal article is in sentence case (only the first letter is capitalized).
Abbreviate and italicize the names of journals according to the listing in the National Library of Medicine database.
References that have six authors or fewer should include all authors' names (last name, initial(s). References with more than 7 authors should include the first three authors followed by "et al."
Provide the DOI for online journal articles. If there is no DOI listed, include the most direct URL possible and the date the article was accessed. It is not necessary to include the access date if the article has a DOI.
Online journals with volume and page information (and without DOI, but with URL & accessed date)
Format: Author AA. Title of article. Abbreviated Name of Journal. Year; Volume(Issue): Page Information. DOI (or URL & Accessed Date if no DOI is assigned.)
Examples:
1. Kapur VK, Obstructive sleep apnea: diagnosis, epidemiology, and economics. Respir Care. 2010;55(9):1155-1167. Accessed November 8, 2011. http://www.rcjournal.com/contents/09.10/09.10.1155.pdf
2. Ali SH, Al-Rubai S, Almahfooth W. The Assessment of Association Between Urinary Tract Infection and Premature Rupture of Membrane. HIV Nursing. 2023;23(2):417-421. Accessed April17, 2023. http://fscproxy.framingham.edu/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=rzh&AN=162044885&site=eds-live
Online journal without volume and page information (and with DOI)
Format: Author AA. Title of the journal article. Abbreviated Name of Journal. Year; DOI
Examples:
1. Mast CT, DeMuro-Mercon C, Kelly CM, Floyd LE, Walter EB. The impact of rotavirus gastroenteritis on the family. BMC Pediatrics. 2009; doi:10.1186/1471-2431-9-11
2. Peralta LR, Yager Z, Prichard I. “There’s Just Something Really Peaceful About It”: a Qualitative Exploration of Mothers with Young Children and Engagement in Group-Based Physical Activity Programs. IJBM. 2022;29(6):807-819. doi:10.1007/s12529-022-10062-0
The title of the journal article is in sentence case (only the first letter is capitalized).
Print journal
Format: Author AA. Title of the journal article. Abbreviated Name of Journal. Year; Volume(Issue):Page Information
Example: Raux H, Coulon P, Lafay F, Flamand A. Monoclonal antibodies which recognize the acidic configuration of the rabies glycoprotein at the surface of the virion can be neutralizing. Virology. 1995;210(2):400-408
Courtesy of University of Rochester River Campus Libraries. For more information see https://libguides.lib.rochester.edu/ama.
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